Diskectomy

Date Updated: 07/01/2022

Overview

Diskectomy is surgery to remove the damaged part of a disk in the spine that has its soft center pushing out through the tough outer lining. A herniated disk can irritate or press on nearby nerves.

Diskectomy works best for treating pain that travels down the arms or legs from a compressed nerve. The procedure is less helpful for treating pain that's felt only in the back or neck. Most people who have back pain or neck pain find relief with other treatments, such as weight loss, arthritis medication or physical therapy.

A health care provider might suggest diskectomy if other, nonsurgical treatments have not worked or if symptoms worsen. There are several ways to perform a diskectomy. Many surgeons prefer minimally invasive diskectomy, which uses small incisions and a microscope or tiny video camera for viewing the procedure.

Why it's done

A diskectomy is done to relieve the pressure a herniated disk (also called a slipped, ruptured or bulging disk or disk prolapse) places on a spinal nerve. A herniated disk occurs when some of the softer material inside the disk pushes out through a crack in the outer lining of the disk.

A health care provider might recommend diskectomy if:

Nerve weakness causes trouble standing or walking
Conservative treatment, such as physical therapy or steroid injections, fails to improve symptoms after 6 to 12 weeks
Pain travels into the buttocks, legs, arms or chest and becomes too much to manage

Risks

Diskectomy is considered safe. But as with any surgery, diskectomy carries a risk of complications. Potential complications include:

Bleeding
Infection
Leaking spinal fluid
Injury to blood vessels or nerves in and around the spine

How you prepare

You'll likely need to avoid eating and drinking for a certain amount of time before surgery. If you take blood-thinning medications, you may need to adjust how much you take before surgery. Your health care provider will give you specific instructions.

What you can expect

During diskectomy

Surgeons usually perform diskectomy using general anesthesia, so you're not awake during the procedure. Ideally, just the piece of disk that's compressing the nerve is removed. However, small amounts of spinal bone and ligament might need to be removed to get to the herniated disk.

If the whole disk must be taken out, your surgeon may need to fill the space with a piece of bone — taken from a deceased donor or from your own pelvis — or a synthetic bone substitute. The adjoining vertebrae are then fused together with metal instrumentation.

After diskectomy

After surgery, you're moved to a recovery room where the health care team watches for complications from the surgery and anesthesia. You might be able to go home the day of surgery. But a short hospital stay might be needed — particularly for those who have serious medical conditions.

Depending on the amount of lifting, walking and sitting your job involves, you may be able to return to work in 2 to 6 weeks. If you have a job that includes heavy lifting or operating heavy machinery, you might have to wait 6 to 8 weeks before returning to work.

Results

Diskectomy reduces herniated disk symptoms in most people who have clear signs of a compressed nerve, such as pain that travels down the legs. However, relief from a diskectomy might not last a lifetime because it doesn't cure the cause of the disk becoming injured or herniated in the first place.

To help prevent re-injury of the spine, it might help to attain and keep a healthy weight, eat a healthy diet, do low-impact exercises and limit activities that involve repeated bending, twisting or lifting.