Posterior vaginal prolapse (rectocele)

Date Updated: 09/02/2020

Overview

A posterior vaginal prolapse occurs when the thin wall of tissue that separates the rectum from the vagina weakens, allowing the vaginal wall to bulge. Posterior vaginal prolapse is also called a rectocele (REK-toe-seel).

Childbirth and other processes that put pressure on pelvic tissues can lead to posterior vaginal prolapse. A small prolapse may cause no signs or symptoms.

If a posterior vaginal prolapse is large, it may create a noticeable bulge of tissue through the vaginal opening. This bulge may be uncomfortable, but it's rarely painful.

If needed, self-care measures and other nonsurgical options are often effective. Severe posterior vaginal prolapse might require surgical repair.

Symptoms

A small posterior vaginal prolapse (rectocele) may cause no signs or symptoms.

Otherwise, you may notice:

A soft bulge of tissue in your vagina that might protrude through the vaginal opening
Difficulty having a bowel movement
Sensation of rectal pressure or fullness
A feeling that the rectum has not completely emptied after a bowel movement
Sexual concerns, such as feeling embarrassed or sensing looseness in the tone of your vaginal tissue

Many women with posterior vaginal prolapse also experience prolapse of other pelvic organs, such as the bladder, uterus or — for women who have had surgery to remove the uterus (hysterectomy) — the top of the vagina.

When to see a doctor

Posterior vaginal prolapse is common, even in women who haven't had children. In fact, you may not even know you have posterior vaginal prolapse.

But sometimes moderate or severe posterior vaginal prolapses can be bothersome or uncomfortable. See your doctor if:

You have a bothersome bulge of tissue that protrudes through your vaginal opening
Constipation treatment isn't successful at producing soft and easy-to-pass stool between three times a day to three times a week

Causes

Posterior vaginal prolapse results from pressure on the pelvic floor. Causes of increased pelvic floor pressure include:

Chronic constipation or straining with bowel movements
Chronic cough or bronchitis
Repeated heavy lifting
Being overweight or obese

Pregnancy and childbirth

The muscles, ligaments and connective tissue that support your vagina become stretched and weakened during pregnancy, labor and delivery. The more pregnancies you have, the greater your chance of developing posterior vaginal prolapse.

Women who have had only cesarean deliveries are less likely to develop posterior vaginal prolapse, but still may.

Risk factors

Factors that may increase your risk of posterior vaginal prolapse include:

Genetics. Some women are born with weaker connective tissues in the pelvic area, making them naturally more likely to develop posterior vaginal prolapse.
Childbirth. If you have vaginally delivered multiple children, you have a higher risk of developing posterior vaginal prolapse. If you've had tears in the tissue between the vaginal opening and anus (perineal tears) or incisions that extend the opening of the vagina (episiotomies) during childbirth, you may also be at higher risk.
Aging. As you grow older, you naturally lose muscle mass, elasticity and nerve function, causing muscles to stretch or weaken.
Obesity. Extra body weight places stress on pelvic floor tissues.

Prevention

To reduce your risk of worsening posterior vaginal prolapse, try to:

Perform Kegel exercises regularly. These exercises can strengthen your pelvic floor muscles — especially important after you have a baby.
Treat and prevent constipation. Drink plenty of fluids and eat high-fiber foods, such as fruits, vegetables, beans and whole-grain cereals.
Avoid heavy lifting and lift correctly. When lifting, use your legs instead of your waist or back.
Control coughing. Get treatment for a chronic cough or bronchitis, and don't smoke.
Avoid weight gain. Talk with your doctor to determine your ideal weight and get advice on weight-loss strategies, if you need them.

Diagnosis

A diagnosis of posterior vaginal prolapse generally occurs during a pelvic exam of your vagina and rectum.

During the pelvic exam your doctor is likely to ask you:

To bear down as if having a bowel movement. Bearing down may cause the posterior vaginal prolapse to bulge, so your doctor can assess its size and location.
To tighten your pelvic muscles as if you're stopping a stream of urine. This test checks the strength of your pelvic muscles.

You might fill out a questionnaire that helps your doctor assess how far the bulge extends into your vagina and how much it affects your quality of life. This information helps guide treatment decisions.

Rarely, your doctor might recommend imaging tests:

MRI or an X-ray can determine the size of the tissue bulge
Defecography can determine how efficiently your rectum empties

Treatment

Treatment depends on the severity of the posterior vaginal prolapse. Your doctor might recommend:

Observation. If your posterior vaginal prolapse causes few or no symptoms, simple self-care measures — such as performing Kegel exercises to strengthen your pelvic muscles — may provide relief.
Pessary. A vaginal pessary is a plastic or rubber ring inserted into your vagina to support the bulging tissues. A pessary must be removed regularly for cleaning.

Surgery

Surgical repair might be needed if:

The posterior vaginal prolapse protrudes outside your vagina and is especially bothersome.
You have prolapse of other pelvic organs in addition to posterior vaginal prolapse that is bothersome. Surgical repair for each condition can be completed at the same time.

The surgery usually consists of removing excess, stretched tissue that forms the vaginal bulge and placing stitches (sutures) to support pelvic structures. A mesh patch might be inserted to support and strengthen the fascia.

Lifestyle and home remedies

Depending on the severity of your posterior vaginal prolapse, self-care measures may provide some relief. You could try to:

Perform Kegel exercises to strengthen pelvic muscles and support the weakened fascia
Avoid constipation by eating high-fiber foods and drinking plenty of fluids
Avoid bearing down to move your bowels
Avoid heavy lifting
Control coughing
Lose weight if you're overweight or obese

Kegel exercises

Kegel exercises strengthen your pelvic floor muscles. A strong pelvic floor provides better support for your pelvic organs, prevents prolapse from worsening and relieves symptoms associated with posterior vaginal prolapse.

To perform Kegel exercises:

Tighten (contract) your pelvic floor muscles as though you were trying to prevent passing gas.
Hold the contraction for five seconds, then relax for 10 seconds. If this is too difficult, start by holding for two seconds and relaxing for five seconds.
Work up to holding the contractions for 10 seconds at a time.
Aim for at least three sets of 10 repetitions each day.

Kegel exercises may be most successful when they're taught by a physical therapist and reinforced with biofeedback. Biofeedback involves using monitoring devices that help ensure you're tightening the muscles properly for the best length of time.

Once you've learned the proper method, you can do Kegel exercises discreetly just about anytime, whether you're sitting at your desk or relaxing on the couch.

Preparing for an appointment

You may be referred to a gynecologist.

Here's some information to help you get ready for your appointment.

What you can do

List symptoms you've been having, and for how long.
List all medications, vitamins and supplements you take, including the doses.
List key personal and medical information, including other conditions, recent life changes and stressors.
Prepare questions to ask your doctor.

For posterior vaginal prolapse, some basic questions to ask your doctor include:

What can I do at home to ease my symptoms?
Should I restrict any activities?
What are the chances that the bulge will grow if I don't do anything?
What treatment approach do you recommend?
What's the likelihood that the posterior vaginal prolapse will recur if I have it surgically treated?
What are the risks of surgery?

During your appointment, don't hesitate to ask other questions as they occur to you.

What to expect from your health care provider

Your doctor is likely to ask you a number of questions, including:

What symptoms are you experiencing?
When did you first notice your symptoms? Have they worsened over time?
Do you have pelvic pain?
Do you ever leak urine?
Have you had a severe or ongoing cough?
Do you do any heavy lifting in your job or daily activities?
Do you strain during bowel movements?
Has anyone in your family ever had posterior vaginal prolapse or any other pelvic problems?
How many children have you given birth to? Were your deliveries vaginal?
Do you plan to have children in the future?