Listeria infection

Date Updated: 02/11/2022

Overview

Listeria infection is a foodborne bacterial illness that can be very serious for pregnant women, people older than 65 and people with weakened immune systems. It's most commonly caused by eating improperly processed deli meats and unpasteurized milk products.

Healthy people rarely become ill from listeria infection, but the disease can be fatal to unborn babies, newborns and people with weakened immune systems. Prompt antibiotic treatment can help curb the effects of listeria infection.

Listeria bacteria can survive refrigeration and even freezing. So people who are at higher risk of serious infections should avoid eating the types of food most likely to contain listeria bacteria.

Symptoms

If you develop a listeria infection, you might have:

Fever
Chills
Muscle aches
Nausea
Diarrhea

Symptoms might begin a few days after you've eaten contaminated food, but it can take 30 days or more before the first signs and symptoms of infection begin.

If the listeria infection spreads to your nervous system, signs and symptoms can include:

Headache
Stiff neck
Confusion or changes in alertness
Loss of balance
Convulsions

Symptoms during pregnancy and in newborns

During pregnancy, a listeria infection is likely to cause only mild signs and symptoms in the mother. The consequences for the baby, however, can be devastating — the baby can die in the womb or have a life-threatening infection within a few days of being born.

Signs and symptoms of a listeria infection in a newborn can be subtle, but can include:

Little interest in feeding
Irritability
Fever
Vomiting
Difficulty breathing

When to see a doctor

If you've eaten a food that's been recalled because of a listeria outbreak, watch for signs or symptoms of illness. If you have a fever, muscle aches, nausea or diarrhea, contact your doctor. The same goes for illness after eating a potentially contaminated product, such as foods made with unpasteurized milk or poorly heated hot dogs or deli meats.

If you have a high fever, severe headache, stiff neck, confusion or sensitivity to light, seek emergency care. These signs and symptoms can indicate bacterial meningitis, a life-threatening complication of a listeria infection.

Causes

Listeria bacteria can be found in soil, water and animal feces. People can get infected by eating the following:

Raw vegetables that have been contaminated from the soil or from contaminated manure used as fertilizer
Contaminated meat
Unpasteurized milk or foods made with unpasteurized milk
Certain processed foods — such as soft cheeses, hot dogs and deli meats that have been contaminated after processing

Unborn babies can contract a listeria infection from the mother.

Risk factors

Pregnant women and people who have weak immune systems are at highest risk of contracting a listeria infection.

Pregnant women and their babies

Pregnant women are much more susceptible to listeria infections than are other healthy adults. Although a listeria infection might cause only a mild illness in pregnant women, consequences for their babies can include:

Miscarriage
Stillbirth
Premature birth
A potentially fatal infection after birth

People who have weak immune systems

This category includes people who:

Are older than 65
Have AIDS
Are receiving chemotherapy
Have diabetes or kidney disease
Take high-dose prednisone or certain rheumatoid arthritis drugs
Take medications to block rejection of a transplanted organ

Complications

Most listeria infections are so mild they can go unnoticed. However, in some cases, a listeria infection can lead to life-threatening complications, including:

Generalized blood infection
Inflammation of the membranes and fluid surrounding the brain (meningitis)

Prevention

To prevent a listeria infection, follow simple food safety guidelines:

Keep things clean. Wash your hands thoroughly with warm, soapy water before and after handling or preparing food. After cooking, use hot, soapy water to wash the utensils, cutting boards and other food preparation surfaces.
Scrub raw vegetables. Clean raw vegetables with a scrub brush or vegetable brush under plenty of running water.
Cook your food thoroughly. Use a food thermometer to make sure your meat, poultry and egg dishes are cooked to a safe temperature.

Precautions for people particularly at risk

If you're pregnant or you have a weak immune system, be particularly cautious about listeria. Take additional precautions with these types of foods:

Soft cheeses and Mexican-style cheeses. Don't eat soft cheeses such, as feta, brie, Camembert or blue cheese, or Mexican-style cheeses such as queso blanco and queso fresco, unless it's clear from the packaging that the product was made using pasteurized milk.
Hot dogs and deli meats. Avoid these unless they're reheated until steaming hot. Keep fluid from hot dog packages away from other foods, utensils and food preparation surfaces. Wash your hands after handling these products.
Meat spreads. Don't eat refrigerated meat spreads. Canned or shelf-stable — meaning they can be safely stored at room temperature — meat spreads are acceptable. Refrigerate after opening.
Smoked seafood. These products can be labeled as nova style, lox, kippered or jerky. It's OK to eat them in cooked dishes. Canned or shelf-stable smoked seafood is acceptable.
Raw or lightly cooked sprouts. Cook sprouts of any kind thoroughly.

Diagnosis

A blood test is often the most effective way to determine whether you have a listeria infection. In some cases, samples of urine or spinal fluid will be tested as well.

Treatment

Treatment of listeria infection varies, depending on the severity of the signs and symptoms. Most people with mild symptoms require no treatment. More-serious infections can be treated with antibiotics.

During pregnancy, prompt antibiotic treatment might help keep the infection from affecting the baby.

Preparing for an appointment

If you have eaten food that has been recalled because of listeria contamination, see a doctor only if you have signs and symptoms of a listeria infection.

What you can do

Before the appointment, you might want to write a list that answers the following questions:

What are your symptoms and when did they start?
Are you pregnant? If so, how far along are you?
Are you being treated for other medical conditions?
What medications and supplements do you take?

You might also want to write a food diary, listing all the foods you've eaten for as far back as you can reliably remember. Tell your doctor if foods you've eaten have been recalled.

What to expect from your doctor

To help with diagnosis, your doctor might ask if you've recently eaten:

Soft cheeses, such as brie, Camembert or feta, or Mexican-style cheeses, such as queso blanco or queso fresco
Raw milk or cheeses made of raw (unpasteurized) milk
Processed meats, such as hot dogs or deli meats
Any foods that have been recalled