Atypical hyperplasia of the breast

Date Updated: 01/16/2021

Overview

Atypical hyperplasia is a precancerous condition that affects cells in the breast. Atypical hyperplasia describes an accumulation of abnormal cells in the milk ducts and lobules of the breast.

Atypical hyperplasia isn't cancer, but it increases the risk of breast cancer. Over the course of your lifetime, if the atypical hyperplasia cells accumulate in the milk ducts or lobules and become more abnormal, this can transition into noninvasive breast cancer (carcinoma in situ) or invasive breast cancer.

If you've been diagnosed with atypical hyperplasia, you have an increased risk of developing breast cancer in the future. For this reason, doctors often recommend intensive breast cancer screening and medications to reduce breast cancer risk.

Symptoms

Atypical hyperplasia usually doesn't cause any specific symptoms.

When to see a doctor

Make an appointment with your doctor if you have any signs or symptoms that worry you.

Atypical hyperplasia is typically found during a breast biopsy to investigate an abnormality found on a mammogram or ultrasound. Sometimes atypical hyperplasia is discovered on a biopsy done to investigate a breast concern, such as a lump or nipple discharge.

Causes

It's not clear what causes atypical hyperplasia.

Atypical hyperplasia forms when breast cells become abnormal in number, size, shape, growth pattern and appearance. The appearance of the abnormal cells determines the type of atypical hyperplasia:

Atypical ductal hyperplasia describes abnormal cells within the breast ducts.
Atypical lobular hyperplasia describes abnormal cells within the breast lobules.

Atypical hyperplasia is thought to be part of the complex transition of cells that may accumulate and evolve into breast cancer. The progression to breast cancer typically involves:

Hyperplasia. The process begins when normal cell development and growth become disrupted, causing an overproduction of normal-looking cells (hyperplasia).
Atypical hyperplasia. The excess cells stack upon one another and begin to take on an abnormal appearance.
Noninvasive (in situ) cancer. The abnormal cells continue to progress in appearance and multiply, evolving into in situ cancer, in which cancer cells remain confined to milk ducts.
Invasive cancer. The abnormal cells accumulate within the duct and continue to multiply and transition to become cancer cells. Invasive cancer tends to invade surrounding tissue, blood vessels or lymph channels.

Complications

If you've been diagnosed with atypical hyperplasia, you have a risk factor that increases your risk of developing breast cancer in the future. The risk of breast cancer in those with atypical hyperplasia is about four times higher than in those who don't have hyperplasia. The risk is similar for atypical ductal hyperplasia and atypical lobular hyperplasia.

Researchers who studied women with atypical hyperplasia found breast cancer risk increased over time:

At 5 years after diagnosis, about 7% of women with atypical hyperplasia may develop breast cancer. Put another way, for every 100 women diagnosed with atypical hyperplasia, 7 can be expected to develop breast cancer five years after diagnosis. And 93 will not be diagnosed with breast cancer.
At 10 years after diagnosis, about 13% of women with atypical hyperplasia may develop breast cancer. That means for every 100 women diagnosed with atypical hyperplasia, 13 can be expetected to develop breast cancer 10 years after diagnosis. And 87 will not develop breast cancer.
At 25 years after diagnosis, about 30% of women with atypical hyperplasia may develop breast cancer. Put another way, for every 100 women diagnosed with atypical hyperplasia, 30 can be expected to develop breast cancer 25 years after diagnosis. And 70 will not develop breast cancer.

Discuss your risk of breast cancer with your doctor. Understanding your risk can help you make decisions about breast cancer screening and risk-reducing medications.

Diagnosis

Atypical hyperplasia is usually discovered after a biopsy to evaluate a suspicious area found during a clinical breast exam or on an imaging test, such as a mammogram or ultrasound.

To further evaluate atypical hyperplasia, your doctor may recommend surgery to remove a larger sample of tissue to look for breast cancer. A diagnosis of atypical hyperplasia may lead to a surgical biopsy (wide local excision or lumpectomy) to remove all of the affected tissue. The pathologist looks at the larger specimen for evidence of in situ or invasive cancer.

Treatment

Atypical hyperplasia is generally treated with surgery to remove the abnormal cells and to make sure no in situ or invasive cancer also is present in the area. Doctors often recommend more-intensive screening for breast cancer and medications to reduce your breast cancer risk.

Follow-up tests to monitor for breast cancer

Your doctor may recommend that you undergo tests to screen for breast cancer. This may increase the chance that breast cancer is detected early, when a cure is more likely. Talk about your breast cancer screening options with your doctor. Your options may include:

Self-exams for breast awareness in order to develop breast familiarity and to detect any unusual breast changes
Clinical breast exams by your health care provider annually
Screening mammograms annually
Additional breast cancer screening tests, such as breast MRI or molecular breast imaging, based on your other risk factors for breast cancer

Ways to reduce your risk of breast cancer

To reduce your risk of developing breast cancer, your doctor may recommend that you:

Take preventive medications. Treatment with a selective estrogen receptor modulator, such as tamoxifen or raloxifene (Evista), for five years may reduce the risk of breast cancer.

These drugs work by blocking estrogen from binding to estrogen receptors in breast tissue. Estrogen is thought to fuel the growth of some breast cancers.

Tamoxifen is the only drug approved for use in premenopausal women.

Another option for postmenopausal women may be aromatase inhibitors, such as exemestane (Aromasin) and anastrozole (Arimidex), which decrease production of estrogen in the body.
Avoid menopausal hormone therapy. Researchers have concluded that combination hormone therapy to treat symptoms of menopause — estrogen plus progestin — increases breast cancer risk after menopause. Many breast cancers depend on hormones for growth.
Participate in a clinical trial. Clinical trials test new treatments not yet available to the public at large that may prove helpful in reducing breast cancer risk associated with atypical hyperplasia. Ask your doctor if you're a candidate for any clinical trials.
Consider risk-reducing (prophylactic) mastectomy. If you have a very high risk of breast cancer, a risk-reducing mastectomy — surgery to remove one or both breasts — may be an option to reduce the risk of developing breast cancer in the future.

You might be considered at very high risk of breast cancer if you have a genetic mutation in one of the breast cancer genes or you have a very strong family history of breast cancer that suggests a likelihood of having such a genetic mutation.

But this surgery isn't right for everyone. Discuss with your doctor the risks, benefits and limitations of this risk-reducing surgery in light of your personal circumstances.

If you have a strong family history of breast cancer, you might benefit from meeting with a genetic counselor to evaluate your risk of carrying a genetic mutation and the role of genetic testing in your situation.
Make healthy lifestyle choices. Make healthy choices in your daily life in order to reduce your risk of breast cancer. For instance, exercise most days of the week, maintain a healthy weight, don't smoke and limit the amount of alcohol you drink, if you choose to drink alcohol.

Coping and support

An atypical hyperplasia diagnosis can be stressful, since it increases your risk of breast cancer. Not knowing what the future holds may make you fearful for your health.

With time, you'll develop you own way of coping with atypical hyperplasia and your increased risk of breast cancer. Until you find your way of coping, consider trying to:

Understand your individual risk of breast cancer. Breast cancer risk statistics can be overwhelming and frightening. Breast cancer risk statistics are developed by following many women with atypical hyperplasia and monitoring them for breast cancer. While these statistics can give you an idea of your prognosis, they can't tell you about your own risk of breast cancer.

Ask your doctor to explain your individual risk of breast cancer. Once you understand your personal risk of breast cancer, you can feel more comfortable making decisions about your treatment.
Go to all of your follow-up appointments. If you've been diagnosed with atypical hyperplasia, your doctor may recommend more-frequent breast cancer screening exams and tests. You may find yourself distracted with worry before each exam because you're afraid that your doctor will find breast cancer.

Don't let your fear stop you from going to your appointments. Instead, accept that fear is normal and find ways to cope. Relax, write your feelings in a journal or spend time with a close friend who can lift your spirits.
Maintain your health. Make healthy lifestyle choices to keep yourself healthy. For instance, exercise most days of the week, maintain a healthy weight, don't smoke and limit the amount of alcohol you drink, if you choose to drink alcohol.

You can't control whether or not you get breast cancer, but you can keep healthy so that you're well enough for breast cancer treatment, should you need it.
Talk with others in your situation. Connect with others who have been diagnosed with atypical hyperplasia. Ask your doctor about support groups in your community.

Another option is online message boards. Breast cancer organizations, such as BreastCancer.org, offer message boards for those with a high risk of breast cancer to connect with each other.

Preparing for an appointment

If a mammogram reveals a suspicious area in your breast, your doctor may refer you to a breast health specialist or a specialized breast center.

What you can do

Because appointments can be brief, and because there's a lot of information to discuss, it's a good idea to be prepared. To prepare for your appointment, try to:

Be aware of any pre-appointment restrictions. At the time you make the appointment, be sure to ask if there's anything you need to do in advance, such as restrict your diet.
Write down any symptoms you're experiencing, including any that may seem unrelated to the reason for which you scheduled the appointment.
Write down key personal information, including any major stresses or recent life changes.
Make a list of all medications, vitamins or supplements that you're taking.
Consider taking a family member or friend along. Sometimes it can be difficult to absorb all the information provided during an appointment. Someone who accompanies you may remember something that you missed or forgot.

Questions to ask

Your time with your doctor is limited, so prepare a list of questions ahead of time. List your questions from most important to least important in case time runs out. For atypical hyperplasia, some basic questions to ask your doctor include:

Can you explain my pathology report to me?
Do I need more tests?
Will I need surgery for atypical hyperplasia?
Are there medications I can take to lower my risk of breast cancer?
What can I do to reduce my risk of breast cancer?
What signs or symptoms of breast cancer should I watch for?
How often should I have a mammogram to screen for breast cancer?
Should I also have an MRI to screen for breast cancer?
What would you recommend to a friend or family member in my situation?
Are there any restrictions that I need to follow?
Should I see a breast health specialist? What will that cost, and will my insurance cover it?
Should I consider genetic counseling?
Are there any brochures or other printed material that I can take with me? What websites do you recommend?

In addition to the questions that you've prepared, don't hesitate to ask other questions that come to mind during your appointment.

What to expect from your doctor

Your doctor is likely to ask you a number of questions. Being ready to answer them may allow more time later to cover other points you want to address. Your doctor may ask:

Do you have a family history of breast cancer?
Do you have a family history of other types of cancer?
Have you had a breast biopsy before? Do you know the results of previous breast biopsies?