Salmonella infection

Date Updated: 10/11/2019

Overview

Salmonella infection (salmonellosis) is a common bacterial disease that affects the intestinal tract. Salmonella bacteria typically live in animal and human intestines and are shed through feces. Humans become infected most frequently through contaminated water or food.

Typically, people with salmonella infection have no symptoms. Others develop diarrhea, fever and abdominal cramps within eight to 72 hours. Most healthy people recover within a few days without specific treatment.

In some cases, the diarrhea associated with salmonella infection can be so dehydrating as to require prompt medical attention. Life-threatening complications also may develop if the infection spreads beyond your intestines. Your risk of acquiring salmonella infection is higher if you travel to countries with poor sanitation.

Symptoms

Salmonella infection is usually caused by eating raw or undercooked meat, poultry, eggs or egg products. The incubation period ranges from several hours to two days. Most salmonella infections can be classified as stomach flu (gastroenteritis). Possible signs and symptoms include:

Nausea
Vomiting
Abdominal cramps
Diarrhea
Fever
Chills
Headache
Blood in the stool

Signs and symptoms of salmonella infection generally last two to seven days. Diarrhea may last up to 10 days, although it may take several months before bowels return to normal.

A few varieties of salmonella bacteria result in typhoid fever, a sometimes deadly disease that is more common in developing countries.

Causes

Salmonella bacteria live in the intestines of people, animals and birds. Most people are infected with salmonella by eating foods that have been contaminated by feces. Commonly infected foods include:

Raw meat, poultry and seafood. Feces may get onto raw meat and poultry during the butchering process. Seafood may be contaminated if harvested from contaminated water.
Raw eggs. While an egg's shell may seem to be a perfect barrier to contamination, some infected chickens produce eggs that contain salmonella before the shell is even formed. Raw eggs are used in homemade versions of mayonnaise and hollandaise sauce.
Fruits and vegetables. Some fresh produce, particularly imported varieties, may be hydrated in the field or washed during processing with water contaminated with salmonella. Contamination also can occur in the kitchen, when juices from raw meat and poultry come into contact with uncooked foods, such as salads.

The Food and Drug Administration also indicates that some salmonella outbreaks have been traced to contaminants in spices. The agency is seeking ways to increase the safety of spices.

Many foods become contaminated when prepared by people who don't wash their hands thoroughly after using the toilet or changing a diaper. Infection also can occur if you touch something that is contaminated, including pets, especially birds and reptiles, and then put your fingers in your mouth.

Risk factors

Factors that may increase your risk of salmonella infection include activities that may bring you into closer contact with salmonella bacteria and health problems that may weaken your resistance to infection in general.

Increased exposure

International travel. Salmonella infection, including varieties that cause typhoid fever, is more common in developing countries with poor sanitation.
Owning a pet bird or reptile. Some pets, particularly birds and reptiles, can carry salmonella bacteria.

Stomach or bowel disorders

Your body has many natural defenses against salmonella infection. For example, strong stomach acid can kill many types of salmonella bacteria. But some medical problems or medications can short-circuit these natural defenses. Examples include:

Antacids. Lowering your stomach's acidity allows more salmonella bacteria to survive.
Inflammatory bowel disease. This disorder damages the lining of your intestines, which makes it easier for salmonella bacteria to take hold.
Recent use of antibiotics. This can reduce the number of "good" bacteria in your intestines, which may impair your ability to fight off a salmonella infection.

Immune problems

The following medical problems or medications appear to increase your risk of contracting salmonella by impairing your immune system.

AIDS
Sickle cell disease
Malaria
Anti-rejection drugs taken after organ transplants
Corticosteroids

Complications

Salmonella infection usually isn't life-threatening. However, in certain people — especially infants and young children, older adults, transplant recipients, pregnant women, and people with weakened immune systems — the development of complications can be dangerous.

Dehydration

If you can't drink enough to replace the fluid you're losing from persistent diarrhea, you may become dehydrated. Warning signs include:

Decreased urine output
Dry mouth and tongue
Sunken eyes
Reduced production of tears

Bacteremia

If salmonella infection enters your bloodstream (bacteremia), it can infect tissues throughout your body, including:

The tissues surrounding your brain and spinal cord (meningitis)
The lining of your heart or valves (endocarditis)
Your bones or bone marrow (osteomyelitis)
The lining of blood vessels, especially if you've had a vascular graft

Reactive arthritis

People who have had salmonella are at higher risk of developing reactive arthritis. Also known as Reiter's syndrome, reactive arthritis typically causes:

Eye irritation
Painful urination
Painful joints

Prevention

The Department of Agriculture has created a Salmonella Action Plan, which involves updating the poultry slaughter inspection system and enhancing sampling and testing programs for poultry and meat. The plan's purpose is to cut the number of salmonella infections in the United States.

You can also take care to avoid spreading bacteria to others. Preventive methods are especially important when preparing food or providing care for infants, older adults and people with weakened immune systems. Be sure to cook food thoroughly and refrigerate or freeze food promptly.

Wash your hands

Washing your hands thoroughly can help prevent the transfer of salmonella bacteria to your mouth or to any food you're preparing. Wash your hands after you:

Use the toilet
Change a diaper
Handle raw meat or poultry
Clean up pet feces
Touch reptiles or birds

Keep things separate

To prevent cross-contamination:

Store raw meat, poultry and seafood away from other foods in your refrigerator
If possible, have two cutting boards in your kitchen — one for raw meat and the other for fruits and vegetables
Never place cooked food on an unwashed plate that previously held raw meat

Avoid eating raw eggs

Cookie dough, homemade ice cream and eggnog all contain raw eggs. If you must consume raw eggs, make sure they've been pasteurized.

Diagnosis

Salmonella infection can be detected by testing a sample of your stool. However, most people have recovered from their symptoms by the time the test results return.

If your doctor suspects that you have a salmonella infection in your bloodstream, he or she may suggest testing a sample of your blood for the bacteria.

Treatment

Medications

Because salmonella infection can be dehydrating, treatment focuses on replacing fluids and electrolytes. Severe cases may require hospitalization and fluids delivered directly into a vein (intravenous). In addition, your doctor may recommend:

Anti-diarrheals. Medications such as loperamide (Imodium A-D) can help relieve cramping, but they may also prolong the diarrhea associated with salmonella infection.
Antibiotics. If your doctor suspects that salmonella bacteria have entered your bloodstream, or if you have a severe case or a compromised immune system, he or she may prescribe antibiotics to kill the bacteria. Antibiotics are not of benefit in uncomplicated cases. In fact, antibiotics may prolong the period in which you carry the bacteria and can infect others, and they can increase your risk of relapse.

Lifestyle and home remedies

Even if you don't need medical attention for your salmonella infection, you need to take care not to dehydrate, a common concern with diarrhea and vomiting. Adults should drink water or suck on ice chips. For children, you can use an oral rehydration solution, such as Pedialyte, unless your doctor advises otherwise.

Preparing for an appointment

Most people don't need to seek medical attention for a salmonella infection because it clears up on its own within a few days. However, in cases involving infants, young children, older adults and people with weakened immune systems, call your doctor if the illness lasts more than a few days, is associated with high fever or bloody stools, or appears to be causing dehydration.

If you make an appointment with your doctor, it's a good idea to prepare for it. Here's some information to help you.

What you can do

Be aware of any pre-appointment restrictions. When you make the appointment, ask if there's anything you need to do in advance, such as restrict your diet.
Write down your symptoms, including those that may seem unrelated to the reason for which you scheduled the appointment.
Write down key personal information, including major stresses, recent life changes or recent travel.
Make a list of all medications, vitamins or supplements you're taking.
Bring a family member or friend along, if possible. Someone who accompanies you may remember information you missed or forgot.
Write down questions to ask your doctor.

Preparing a list of questions for your doctor will help you make the most of your time together. For salmonella infection, some basic questions to ask your doctor include:

What is likely causing my symptoms or condition?
Other than the most likely cause, what are other possible causes for my symptoms or condition?
What tests do I need?
What is the best course of action?
What are alternatives to the primary approach you're suggesting?
I have other health conditions. How can I best manage them together?
Are there any restrictions I need to follow?
Should I see a specialist?
Is there a generic alternative to the medicine you're prescribing?

Don't hesitate to ask any other questions.

What to expect from your doctor

Your doctor will need to know:

When the illness began
The frequency of the vomiting or diarrhea
Whether the vomit or stool contains visible bile, mucus or blood
If you have a fever
If you've recently traveled outside the country

What you can do in the meantime

To prevent dehydration, drink water or suck on ice chips. To prevent dehydration in children, use an oral rehydration solution, such as Pedialyte, unless your doctor advises otherwise.